Category: Content Delivery Networks

101, Content Delivery Networks, Mentoring, Streaming, Technology

What Is The Difference Between CDN & P2P Streaming?

When it comes to streaming media content, there are two main methods that are commonly used – content delivery networks (CDN) and peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming. While both methods have the same end goal of delivering content to the viewer, they differ significantly in terms of how they operate. In this post, we will explore the differences between CDN and P2P streaming.

First, let’s start with an overview of CDN. A CDN is a network of servers that are distributed across the globe, with the purpose of delivering content to users in the most efficient way possible. When a user requests content, the CDN server closest to the user’s location will deliver the content, which ensures faster load times and improved user experience. CDN can handle large volumes of users without any loss of quality, making it ideal for live streaming events and popular video on demand (VOD) content.

On the other hand, P2P streaming operates on a different model. Rather than relying on a centralized server, P2P streaming leverages the collective resources of viewers to distribute content. In this model, viewers who are watching the content simultaneously become part of the distribution network. As they watch, they also upload parts of the content to other viewers, making the content available to stream without the need for a centralized server.

One of the key benefits of P2P streaming is that it can handle large volumes of users without the need for expensive server infrastructure. This makes it ideal for smaller content creators and platforms with limited resources. Additionally, P2P streaming can be more resilient to traffic spikes and network disruptions, as the content is distributed across a large number of viewers.

However, P2P streaming also has some downsides. For instance, it can suffer from latency issues, as the content is distributed across multiple viewers, rather than being served directly from a centralized server. Additionally, P2P streaming can be more difficult to manage and monitor than traditional CDN streaming, as content is distributed across multiple sources.

Both CDN and P2P streaming have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. CDN is ideal for large-scale streaming events and popular VOD content, while P2P streaming is better suited for smaller content creators and platforms with limited resources. Ultimately, the choice between CDN and P2P streaming will depend on the specific needs of the content creator or platform.

101, Coding, Collaboration, Content Delivery Networks, Digital Platforms, Learning, Mentoring, Streaming, Technology

101: How to Create SCTE 35 & 224 Markers for HLS, JSON, XML, Python, JavaScript, & Ruby

To create SCTE markers for DAI (Dynamic Ad Insertion) for live streaming, you can use a variety of scripting languages and tools. Here are a few examples:

SCTE-35 is a standard for signaling ad insertion opportunities in live streams. It uses MPEG-2 Transport Stream packets to insert “cue” messages that indicate the start and end of ad breaks. To create SCTE-35 markers, you can use tools like SCTE-35 Commander or SCTE-35 Injector. These tools allow you to create SCTE-35 messages and insert them into your live stream.

1. HLS: HLS (HTTP Live Streaming) is a streaming protocol that allows for dynamic ad insertion in live streams. To create SCTE markers for HLS, you can use the EXT-X-CUE-OUT and EXT-X-CUE-IN tags. These tags indicate the start and end of an ad break and can be used to trigger the insertion of ad content. Here is an example of an HLS manifest with SCTE markers:

“`m3u8
#EXTM3U
#EXT-X-VERSION:3
#EXT-X-TARGETDURATION:10
#EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:0
#EXT-X-CUE-OUT:DURATION=30
#EXTINF:10.0,
https://example.com/live/stream_720p/chunk_00001.ts
#EXTINF:10.0,
https://example.com/live/stream_720p/chunk_00002.ts
#EXT-X-CUE-IN
#EXTINF:10.0,
https://example.com/live/ad_720p/chunk_00001.ts
#EXTINF:10.0,
https://example.com/live/ad_720p/chunk_00002.ts
#EXT-X-CUE-OUT:DURATION=30
#EXTINF:10.0,
https://example.com/live/stream_720p/chunk_00003.ts
#EXTINF:10.0,
https://example.com/live/stream_720p/chunk_00004.ts
#EXT-X-CUE-IN
#EXTINF:10.0,
https://example.com/live/ad_720p/chunk_00003.ts
#EXTINF:10.0,
https://example.com/live/ad_720p/chunk_00004.ts
#EXT-X-ENDLIST
“`

In this example, the SCTE markers are represented by the EXT-X-CUE-OUT and EXT-X-CUE-IN tags. These tags indicate the start and end of an ad break, and the ad content is inserted between them.

2. JSON: SCTE-224 is a standard for signaling ad breaks in live streams using JSON metadata. To create SCTE markers using SCTE-224, you can use tools like the SCTE-224 Event Scheduler or the SCTE-224 Event Injector. These tools allow you to create JSON metadata that signals the start and end of ad breaks in your live stream.

3. XML: Like JSON, SCTE-224 also supports XML metadata for signaling ad breaks in live streams. You can use XML tags to specify the start and end of ad breaks and other metadata. For example:

“`xml
<ADI>
<Asset>
<Metadata>
<SCTE35>
<SpliceInfoSection>
<SpliceInsert>
<SpliceEvent>
<SpliceEventId>12345</SpliceEventId>
<SpliceOutOfNetworkIndicator>false</SpliceOutOfNetworkIndicator>
<SpliceImmediateFlag>true</SpliceImmediateFlag>
<BreakDuration>30000</BreakDuration>
</SpliceEvent>
</SpliceInsert>
</SpliceInfoSection>
</SCTE35>
</Metadata>
</Asset>
</ADI>
“`

In this example, an SCTE-35 splice event is specified using XML tags within an Asset Description and Metadata Interface (ADI) file.

4. Python: You can also use Python scripts to generate SCTE-35 messages for DAI. For example, the SCTE-35 Python library allows you to create SCTE-35 messages using Python code. Here’s an example Python script that creates an SCTE-35 message:

“`python
from scte35 import SpliceInfoSection, SpliceInsert

splice_event = SpliceInsert(
splice_event_id=12345,
out_of_network=False,
immediate=True,
break_duration=30
)

splice_info_section = SpliceInfoSection(
splice_insert=splice_event
)

scte35_message = splice_info_section.to_bytes()
“`

This script creates a splice event with ID 12345, a break duration of 30 seconds, and other parameters, and then generates an SCTE-35 message using the scte35 library.

5. JavaScript: If you’re working with web-based live streaming technologies like HLS or DASH, you can use JavaScript to manipulate the manifest files and insert SCTE markers. For example, you could use JavaScript to modify the EXT-X-CUE-OUT and EXT-X-CUE-IN tags in an HLS manifest file to indicate ad breaks.

6. Ruby: Ruby is another scripting language that can be used to generate SCTE-35 messages for DAI. The SCTE35 gem is a Ruby library that allows you to create and parse SCTE-35 messages. Here’s an example Ruby script that creates an SCTE-35 message:

“`ruby
require ‘scte35’

splice_event = SCTE35::SpliceInsert.new(
splice_event_id: 12345,
out_of_network: false,
immediate: true,
break_duration: 30
)

splice_info_section = SCTE35::SpliceInfoSection.new(
splice_insert: splice_event
)

scte35_message = splice_info_section.to_binary_s
“`

This script creates a splice event using the SCTE35 gem, sets its parameters, and generates an SCTE-35 binary message.

Overall, the choice of scripting language and tool depends on the specific requirements of your live streaming setup. These examples show some common options for creating SCTE markers for DAI in live streaming.

101, Best Practices, Coding, Content Delivery Networks, Digital Platforms, HLS Streaming, Project & Production Management, Streaming, Technology

101: What is ESAM Scripting for YouTube & SCTE DAI?

First, what is SCTE? (pronounced scut-e). The Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) is a professional association that offers education, certification, and standards for the telecommunications industry. SCTE serves as a technical and applied science leader, providing training and certification programs in broadband, cable networks, and digital video. It has a diverse membership of professionals, including engineers and technicians, who work in the cable and telecommunications industries.

Next, what is ESAM? ESAM stands for Event Signaling and Management. It is a protocol used in cable networks to provide advanced notification and management of network events. ESAM allows for the delivery of messages that can be used to signal events such as program start and end times, emergency alerts, and other network events. It is an important component of the CableLabs Enhanced Content Specification, which is a set of technical specifications used in digital TV networks. ESAM is designed to enhance the functionality and interoperability of networks, improving the viewing experience for subscribers.

ESAM scripting for SCTE:

1. Identify the video content that needs to be marked up with SCTE markers. These could be ad breaks, chapter markers, or other significant events in the video.

2. Use an ESAM editor tool to create the ESAM script. There are several tools available, such as ESAM Creator and ESAM Builder. These tools allow you to create, edit, and validate the ESAM script.

3. Define the SCTE markers in the ESAM script. Each marker should include the timecode, duration, and type of event. For example, an ad break marker could be defined as a “cue-in” event with a duration of 30 seconds.

4. Validate the ESAM script to ensure that it is compliant with the SCTE specification. Use the ESAM editor tool to run the validation process and check for any errors or warnings.

5. Save the ESAM script and upload it to your YouTube account. You can do this by selecting the video content in your YouTube Studio dashboard, navigating to the “Advanced” tab, and uploading the ESAM script in the “Content ID” section.

6. Review the video content to ensure that the SCTE markers are working correctly. You can use the YouTube player to test the markers and make any necessary adjustments to the ESAM script.

By following these steps, you can create an ESAM script for YouTube SCTE that will help you manage and monetize your video content more effectively.

An ESAM script is an XML-based file that contains information about events or markers that occur in video content. These markers can be used for a variety of purposes, such as indicating ad breaks, chapter markers, or other significant events in the video.

Here is an example of an ESAM script for a dynamic commercial SCTE marker in XML format:

“`xml
<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?>
<ESAM xmlns=”urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:esam:1.0″>
<EventSignal Time=”00:05:00.000″ Duration=”00:00:30.000″ Type=”Commercial”>
<Metadata>
<MetadataItem Name=”AdType”>Dynamic</MetadataItem>
<MetadataItem Name=”AdID”>1234</MetadataItem>
<MetadataItem Name=”AdTitle”>Example Ad</MetadataItem>
<MetadataItem Name=”Advertiser”>Acme Corp</MetadataItem>
</Metadata>
</EventSignal>
</ESAM>
“`

In this example, the ESAM script includes a “Commercial” event signal that occurs at the 5-minute mark of the video and lasts for 30 seconds. The metadata associated with the event signal includes information about the ad type, ID, title, and advertiser.

By using ESAM scripts like this one, video content creators and distributors can manage and monetize their content more effectively, while providing a better experience for viewers.

More scripting tomorrow…. stay tuned!

101, Content Delivery Networks, Digital Platforms, Mentoring, publishing, SQL, Streaming

Streaming Strategies: 30 Popular Broadcasters -Who Do You Use?

There are several considerations that companies keep in mind when developing streaming strategies.

Some key factors:

•Content: The availability and quality of content is a critical factor in attracting and retaining subscribers. Companies must consider what type of content to offer, including original programming, movies, TV shows, and live events.

•Pricing: Companies must carefully consider their pricing strategy to remain competitive and attract subscribers. They may offer different subscription tiers with varying features and pricing options.

•Distribution: Companies must consider how to distribute their content, whether through their own website or app, through third-party platforms, or through partnerships with other companies.

•User Experience: The user experience is critical in retaining subscribers. Companies must ensure that their streaming service is easy to use, reliable, and offers high-quality video and audio.

•Marketing: Companies must develop effective marketing strategies to promote their streaming service and attract new subscribers. This may include social media advertising, influencer partnerships, or other tactics.

•Technology: Companies must consider the technology required to deliver their streaming service, including video encoding, content delivery networks, and other infrastructure.

•Competition: Companies must keep an eye on the competition and adapt their strategies accordingly. They may need to adjust their pricing, content, or marketing strategies to remain competitive in the market.

30 “Streamers”, and Their Strategies:

1. Netflix – Subscription-based streaming of movies and TV shows

2. Hulu – Subscription-based streaming of TV shows and movies, with live TV options

3. Amazon Prime Video – Subscription-based streaming of movies and TV shows, with additional perks for Amazon Prime members

4. Disney+ – Subscription-based streaming of Disney, Pixar, Marvel, and Star Wars content

5. HBO Max – Subscription-based streaming of HBO and other content, including original programming

6. Apple TV+ – Subscription-based streaming of original programming and movies

7. YouTube TV – Subscription-based streaming of live TV channels

8. Sling TV – Subscription-based streaming of live TV channels

9. FuboTV – Subscription-based streaming of live TV channels, with a focus on sports

10. ESPN+ – Subscription-based streaming of sports events and original programming

11. CBS All Access – Subscription-based streaming of CBS content, including live TV options

12. NBC Universal Peacock – Subscription-based streaming of NBC and Universal content, including live TV options

13. Showtime – Subscription-based streaming of Showtime content, including original programming

14. Starz – Subscription-based streaming of Starz content, including original programming

15. Crunchyroll – Subscription-based streaming of anime and manga

16. Funimation – Subscription-based streaming of anime and manga

17. VRV – Subscription-based streaming of anime, gaming, and other pop culture content

18. Twitch – Free streaming of live gaming and other content, with subscription options for additional perks

19. Mixer – Free streaming of live gaming and other content, with subscription options for additional perks

20. Facebook Watch – Free streaming of original programming and other content

21. Instagram Live – Free streaming of live events and other content

22. Twitter Live – Free streaming of live events and other content

23. Periscope – Free streaming of live events and other content

24. Vimeo – Subscription-based streaming of original programming and other content

25. Dailymotion – Free streaming of user-generated and original programming

26. Kanopy – Free streaming of movies and TV shows, with access through public libraries and universities

27. Crave – Subscription-based streaming of movies and TV shows in Canada

28. BBC iPlayer – Free streaming of BBC content in the UK

29. ITV Hub – Free streaming of ITV content in the UK

30. Sky Go – Subscription-based streaming of Sky content in the UK

These companies are major players in the streaming industry(this is not an exhaustive list), each with their own unique strategies and considerations. They offer a range of content, from movies and TV shows to live events and original programming, and use different pricing models and distribution methods to attract and retain subscribers. User experience, marketing, technology, and competition are all key factors that they must consider when developing their streaming strategies. As the streaming market continues to grow, these companies will need to remain agile and adapt their strategies to remain competitive and meet the changing needs of their audiences.

101, Collaboration, Content Delivery Networks, Digital Platforms, Learning, Mentoring, Technology, Training

Short Tutorial: UNC Paths in Broadcasting & Digital Streaming

Who May Need Them in Broadcasting & Digital Streaming?

UNC paths are commonly used in broadcasting to facilitate the transfer of large video or audio files between production facilities. This is because broadcasting often involves collaboration between multiple teams and locations, and UNC paths provide a standardized method of accessing shared resources on a network.

In broadcasting, UNC paths may be created by various professionals, including video editors, audio engineers, and IT staff. For example, a video editor may use a UNC path to access a shared folder containing footage that another editor has uploaded from a remote location. Meanwhile, an IT staff member may use a UNC path to connect broadcasting equipment to a shared storage device or backup system.

Overall, UNC paths are an essential tool for broadcasting professionals who need to collaborate on media production across a network.

What’s An UNC Path?

Creating an UNC (Universal Naming Convention) path is a method of identifying a network resource, such as a shared folder or printer, on a computer network. It uses a format that starts with two backslashes followed by the name of the computer and the name of the shared resource.

For Example:

For example, if a computer named “FILESERVER01” has a shared folder named “SharedDocs”, the UNC path to access it would be: \\FILESERVER01\SharedDocs

UNC paths are used when accessing network resources across different operating systems, such as Windows and Linux. They are also used in web addresses to access shared resources using a web browser. 

How-To Create One:

You can input a UNC path in various ways depending on the task you are trying to accomplish. Here are a few examples:

1. To access a shared folder on a network: Open File Explorer and type or paste the UNC path in the address bar at the top of the window. Press Enter to access the shared folder.

2. To map a network drive: Open File Explorer and click on “Map network drive” in the ribbon at the top of the window. In the “Drive” drop-down menu, choose a drive letter to assign to the mapped drive. In the “Folder” field, enter the UNC path of the shared folder you want to map. Click “Finish” to create the mapped network drive.

3. To reference a file in a UNC path in a script or program: Use the UNC path as you would any other file path, but include the double backslash at the beginning. For example, to reference a file named “Data.txt” in a shared folder named “Data” on a computer named “Server1”, the UNC path would be: \\Server1\Data\Data.txt

It’s important to note that UNC paths require proper permissions and authentication to access the shared resources.

Why You Need Them

UNC paths are necessary because they provide a standardized and consistent way of identifying and accessing network resources on a computer network. They allow users to access shared resources from any computer on the network, regardless of the computer’s operating system or location.

Without UNC paths, users would have to manually navigate to the network resource by IP address or hard-coded network path, which can be difficult and error-prone. UNC paths simplify the process by providing a unified naming convention that is easy to remember and use. They also provide security features that limit access to shared resources, ensuring that unauthorized users cannot access sensitive information.

How Do You Use Them? Please Comment.

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Overview: 30 Cloud Security Companies

Cloud security is a hot topic as streaming, processing, editing in the cloud is growing at a brakefast speed, not to leave out AI learning for meta data, closed captioning, transcribing, and DAI (Dynamic Ad Insertion). Keeping information secure is essential.

Below are 30 cloud security companies and the specific services they provide:

1. Microsoft Azure: Provides cloud security services such as identity and access management, threat protection, and security management.

2. Amazon Web Services (AWS): Offers security services such as identity and access management, data protection, network security, and compliance.

3. Google Cloud Platform (GCP): Provides security services such as identity and access management, data encryption, and threat detection.

4. Palo Alto Networks: Offers cloud security services such as firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention, and threat intelligence.

5. Symantec: Provides cloud security services such as data protection, threat detection, and compliance.

6. IBM Cloud: Offers security services such as access management, data protection, and threat intelligence.

7. Cisco Cloud Security: Provides cloud security services such as firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention, and threat intelligence.

8. McAfee: Offers cloud security services such as data protection, threat detection, and compliance.

9. CrowdStrike: Provides cloud security services such as endpoint protection, threat detection, and incident response.

10. Akamai Technologies: Offers cloud security services such as web application firewall, bot management, and DDoS protection.

11. Fortinet: Provides cloud security services such as firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention, and threat intelligence.

12. Check Point Software: Offers cloud security services such as firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention, and threat intelligence.

13. Trend Micro: Provides cloud security services such as data protection, threat detection, and compliance.

14. F5 Networks: Offers cloud security services such as web application firewall, bot management, and DDoS protection.

15. Zscaler: Provides cloud security services such as web security, DNS security, and cloud firewall.

16. Cloudflare: Offers cloud security services such as DDoS protection, web application firewall, and bot management.

17. Sophos: Provides cloud security services such as endpoint protection, email security, and web security.

18. Rapid7: Offers cloud security services such as vulnerability management, threat detection, and incident response.

19. Tenable: Provides cloud security services such as vulnerability management, threat detection, and compliance.

20. Alert Logic: Offers cloud security services such as intrusion detection and prevention, log management, and compliance.

21. Qualys: Provides cloud security services such as vulnerability management, threat detection, and compliance.

22. Carbon Black: Offers cloud security services such as endpoint protection, threat detection, and incident response.

23. Netskope: Provides cloud security services such as data loss prevention, web security, and cloud access security broker.

24. Bitdefender: Offers cloud security services such as endpoint protection, email security, and cloud security.

25. Barracuda Networks: Provides cloud security services such as email security, web security, and cloud security.

26. CipherCloud: Offers cloud security services such as data protection, threat detection, and compliance.

27. FireEye: Provides cloud security services such as threat intelligence, incident response, and forensics.

28. Imperva: Offers cloud security services such as web application firewall, bot management, and DDoS protection.

29. Qualys: Provides cloud security services such as vulnerability management, threat detection, and compliance.

30. Skyhigh Networks: Offers cloud security services such as cloud access security broker, data protection, and threat detection.

Overall, these cloud security companies provide a range of cloud security services, including identity and access management, data protection, threat detection, and compliance.

Agile, AI, Best Practices, Career, Collaboration, Content Delivery Networks, Digital Platforms, Employment, events, gaming, Golf, Mentoring, Moving Forward, Project & Production Management, publishing, Quality Control, Safety, Smartsheets, Sports, Success, Teamwork, Technology

Production Tips: Flawless Live Television Events

Every live televised event has its challenges. Whether you’re producing sports, news, gaming events, each has different, and similar demands. If you keep the following in mind during the pre through post process, it can be a flaw-free event and a fantastic experience for not only the audience, but your crew and stakeholders.

1. Plan ahead and create a comprehensive rundown of the event: This means taking the time to plan out every aspect of the event, from the content to the technical requirements. Creating a comprehensive rundown of the event helps ensure that everything is accounted for and that everyone is on the same page.

2. Hire experienced professionals for the technical crew and production team: Hiring experienced professionals ensures that the technical and production aspects of the event are handled by people who know what they’re doing. This helps reduce the likelihood of technical issues and ensures a high-quality production.

3. Select the right equipment and cameras for the event: The right equipment and cameras can make a big difference in the quality of the production. Make sure to select equipment that is appropriate for the size and scope of the event.

4. Conduct a site survey to ensure proper lighting and sound: A site survey helps identify any potential issues with lighting and sound, and allows you to make adjustments before the event.

5. Prepare contingency plans for possible technical issues or emergencies: No matter how well you plan, technical issues and emergencies can still arise. It’s important to have contingency plans in place to ensure that the event can continue even if something goes wrong.

6. Rehearse the event with the crew and talent: Rehearsing the event helps ensure that everyone knows their roles and responsibilities, and that the event runs smoothly.

7. Assign clear roles and responsibilities to the crew and talent: Clear roles and responsibilities help ensure that everyone knows what they’re supposed to be doing, which helps reduce confusion and mistakes.

8. Use a production script to ensure smooth transitions and timing: A production script helps ensure that the event runs smoothly and that everything is timed properly.

9. Have backup equipment on hand: Backup equipment helps ensure that the event can continue even if something goes wrong with the primary equipment.

10. Use a dedicated communication system for the crew: A dedicated communication system helps ensure that everyone can communicate with each other quickly and easily.

11. Use multiple camera angles to capture different perspectives: Multiple camera angles help provide a more dynamic viewing experience and allow the production team to capture different perspectives.

12. Use graphics and lower-thirds to provide context and information: Graphics and lower-thirds can help provide context and information to the audience, which can enhance their understanding and enjoyment of the event.

13. Use music and sound effects to enhance the viewing experience: Music and sound effects can help enhance the viewing experience and make the event more engaging and entertaining.

14. Use pre-produced video packages to break up the live content: Pre-produced video packages can help break up the live content and provide variety for the audience.

15. Use a teleprompter for on-air talent: A teleprompter can help on-air talent stay on script and deliver their lines smoothly.

16. Use a countdown clock to keep track of timing: A countdown clock helps ensure that the event stays on schedule and that everything is timed properly.

17. Use social media to engage with the audience and promote the event: Social media can help you engage with the audience, promote the event, and provide updates before, during, and after the event.

18. Use a delay system to allow for editing or censoring if necessary: A delay system can help you edit or censor content if necessary, which can be useful in live events where unexpected things can happen.

19. Use a live streaming service to reach a wider audience: Live streaming services can help you reach a wider audience, particularly those who are unable to attend the event in person.

20. Use closed captioning for accessibility: Closed captioning helps make the event accessible to people who are deaf or hard of hearing.

21. Use a green screen for virtual backgrounds or augmented reality: A green screen can be used to create virtual backgrounds or augmented reality, which can enhance the viewing experience and make the event more engaging.

22. Use a wireless microphone system for mobility: A wireless microphone system can help on-air talent move around freely, which can make the event more dynamic and engaging.

23. Use a control room to monitor and manage the production: A control room allows the production team to monitor and manage the event in real-time, which can help ensure that everything runs smoothly.

24. Use audience feedback to improve future events: Audience feedback can help you identify areas for improvement and make future events even better.

25. Have fun and enjoy the process!: Producing a live televised event can be stressful, but it’s important to remember to have fun and enjoy the process!

Agile, AI, Bandwidth, Best Practices, Career, Content Delivery Networks, Digital Platforms, Mentoring, Moving Forward, Project & Production Management, publishing, Success, Teamwork, Technology

How much bandwidth do you need ?

It’s essential to have sufficient bandwidth to have an optimal streaming experience. So, let’s dig into the bandwidth requirements for different resolutions and streaming services.

Understanding Video Bitrate

Video bitrate is an important metric independent of other factors like resolution, frame rate, and audio quality that impact a viewer’s streaming experience. It represents the amount of data per second your video source supplies and is a critical factor in delivering an enjoyable experience.

Streaming Services and Bitrate

It’s interesting to note that compared to a Blu-ray disc, streaming services like Netflix need to use compressed streams with considerably lower bitrates. Despite their best efforts to maintain the quality through various compression techniques, a higher bitrate equals more data and a superior image quality.

Minimum Bandwidth Required

To sustain a smooth, buffer-free stream at varying resolutions, one should consider these average minimum bandwidth requirements. Whether you’re using older equipment or new streaming devices with the latest TV models, Broadcasters generally provide viewers with the best possible streaming experience.

Following is the general resolution for videos and Minimum download speeds required:

480p (SD):  Needs about 3-4 Mbps

720p (HD):  Needs about 5-8 Mbps

1080p (HD):  Needs about 8-10 Mbps

2160p (4K):  Needs about 32 Mbps

4320p (8K): Needs about 120 Mbps

Required Bandwidth

H264 H265

1280×720(HD) 3Mbps 1.5Mbps

1920X1080(FHD) 6Mbps 3Mbps

3840×2160(UHD) 25Mbps 12Mbps

3820x2160p(4K) 32Mbps 15Mbps

7640×4320(8K) See notes below

1080p Streaming required Bandwidth & Internet Speed

1080p streaming videos are at a display resolution of 1920X1080, and it offers full HD video content on the Internet. These videos have more clarity and resolution than an HD video at 720p. Also, 1080p video consumes more amounts of data compared to SD and HD streaming. As stated in the above table and with the H264 codec, the recommended bandwidth is 6 Mbps, and with the H265 codec, it usually requires up to 3 Mbps.

4K and 8K Streaming Bandwidth requirement / Internet Speed

To stream 4K HDR content, one needs a 4K UHD TV with HEVC decoder and HDR support. 

4K videos with a display resolution of 4096p x 2160p offer the most life-like video content on the Internet. These high definition videos have more visual information than ever about the texture, color, shapes than an HD video. Unfortunately, 4k consumes enormous amounts of data compared to SD, HD & FHD streaming. With the H264 codec, the recommended bandwidth is 32 Mbps, and with the H265 codec, it could be up to 15 Mbps. To stream 4K HDR content, one needs a 4K UHD TV with HEVC decoder and HDR support.

Even with an 8K streaming service, most people wouldn’t be able to use it. Platforms like Netflix specifies a 25 Mbps stream for 4K content. This requirement seems to quadruple as there is no H.265 standard alongside 8K to reduce the file size. Netflix consumes 3.1GB/hour at 1080p for 60fps video and even 7GB/hour at 4K. If we assume that the transition from 4K to 8K consumes an equivalent amount of bandwidth to 1080p – 4K transition, the per hour bandwidth requirement to stream 8K content would be nearly 6.44GB – 19.2GB/hour for 23.976fps content. This is still a high bandwidth rate to burn out.

The bitrate for 8K video services that use HEVC is between 85 Mbps for satellite and 65 Mbps for OTT. 

When you implement Content Aware Encoding (CAE) used in combination with HEVC, you can lower the bit rate for 8K distribution by another 50%. CAE leverages the mechanics of the human eye to assess video quality and optimize encoding parameters in real-time.

If you have any questions please reach out. 👍 Follow, and Comment- it’s free!

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Selenio: Video Processing, Delivery &, PTP Solutions, Plus the Competition…

Selenio is a product line of video processing and delivery solutions offered by Imagine Communications, a company that provides end-to-end software-based solutions for media and entertainment industry. The Selenio product line includes both hardware and software components designed to address the complex and evolving needs of broadcasters and content providers in delivering high-quality video across a variety of platforms and devices.

The Selenio product line includes solutions for video encoding, transcoding, compression, decoding, and delivery, as well as tools for managing and monitoring video distribution workflows. Selenio offers flexible deployment options, including on-premises, cloud-based, and hybrid environments. The solutions also support a wide range of industry-standard video formats and protocols, including H.264, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, HEVC, and ATSC 3.0.

In addition to video processing and delivery, the Selenio product line also includes solutions for signal processing, audio processing, and contribution and distribution. These solutions are designed to help broadcasters and content providers manage the entire content delivery chain, from acquisition to distribution, while ensuring the highest levels of quality and flexibility.

The Selenio product line offers different video processing models that provide various capabilities. Some of the specific video processing models offered by Selenio include:

1. Selenio Media Convergence Platform (MCP): This software-based solution provides end-to-end video processing and delivery capabilities for live, linear and on-demand content across different devices and platforms, including IP, RF and satellite networks. Selenio MCP includes modules for encoding, decoding, transcoding, packaging, and delivery, enabling the repurposing of content for multiple formats and screens.

2. Selenio MCP3: This is the latest version of the Selenio MCP and is designed to be fully software-defined, offering a cloud-native architecture that scales quickly and easily. MCP3 provides intelligent orchestration across on-premise and cloud-based resources while providing support for advanced video processing features such as high-bitrate 8K codecs.

3. SelenioFlex File: This solution is designed for file-based workflows and provides functionality for transcoding, packaging, and delivery. Content can be repurposed and transcoded to multiple resolutions and formats, including high-quality 4K and 8K, depending on the needs of the service.

3a. Selenio Flex: This solution offers advanced video processing features such as HDR and WCG processing, audio loudness control, and content replacement, in a single hardware-based appliance. It also provides advanced video compression technology, including HEVC, to optimize bandwidth utilization and enable distribution of high-quality content to an increasing number of devices.

4. Selenio One: This is a compact, 1RU encoding/transcoding platform that provides high-quality, low-latency video streaming for IPTV and other IP-based video delivery applications. Selenio One has a wide range of codecs and resolutions and is ideal for applications where space is limited, such as outside broadcast (OB) trucks or small-scale IPTV operations.

5. Selenio Network Processor (SNP): This is a high-density video and audio processing platform that is designed for the most demanding broadcast and media applications. Selenio SNP provides a flexible and modular architecture that can be configured to support a wide range of codecs, resolutions, and protocols, including IP, ASI, and SDI.

6. Selenio UDP Gateway: This solution is designed to enable the smooth delivery of live video content to viewers over the internet. Selenio UDP Gateway can receive an uncompressed multicast transport stream from an encoder and distribute it to a large number of viewers with low latency and high reliability. It also supports adaptive bit rate (ABR) streaming, which enables the delivery of multiple quality versions of the same video to different devices based on each device’s bandwidth and resolution requirements.

7. Selenio CMM: The Content Management System (CMM) is designed to provide intelligent workflow automation capabilities to the entire content supply chain. CMM provides comprehensive metadata management, asset tracking, and data governance, enabling content providers to efficiently manage and organize their libraries and produce more effective content delivery strategies.

Overall, the delivery solutions offered by Selenio utilize advanced video processing, metadata management, and delivery capabilities to enable content providers to deliver high-quality video content seamlessly across multiple platforms and devices.

How does Selenio support
Precision Time Protocol (PTP), including PTPv1, PTPv2, and PTP Profile for Professional Broadcast Applications (PTP-RA).

Selenio Media Convergence Platform from Imagine Communications supports PTP (Precision Time Protocol) in different ways, including PTPv1, PTPv2, and PTP Profile for Professional Broadcast Applications (PTP-RA).

Selenio can act as a PTP grand leader clock or follower clock, depending on the customer’s requirements. It can synchronize the internal timing of each device in the platform, including video and audio processing units, switchers and routers, and other IP-connected devices, with sub-microsecond accuracy.

The PTP implementation in Selenio is compliant with the relevant IEEE standards and guidelines, ensuring interoperability and compatibility with other PTP devices. It uses hardware-assisted timestamping to achieve the required level of precision, and supports various transport protocols, such as IEEE 802.3av, IEEE 1588-2008, and AES67.

Selenio also supports PTP Profile for Professional Broadcast Applications (PTP-RA), which specifies additional requirements for PTP accuracy, reliability, and scalability in broadcast environments. Selenio’s PTP implementation is designed to meet these requirements and provide synchronization for demanding broadcast workflows.

Lastly, Selenio PTP Gateway can convert between different PTP profiles, including those used in broadcast and IT networks, to enable interoperability between different PTP installations. This allows broadcasters to take advantage of the benefits of the latest PTP technology while maintaining compatibility with existing PTP deployments.

In summary, Selenio supports PTP in different ways, including as a PTP grandmaster or slave clock, with compliance to IEEE standards and PTP-RA, using hardware timestamping, and protocol flexibility for interoperability through its PTP Gateway.

I’ve been asked if I’m being paid for this post. No, no I am not being paid to share this information, nor do I work for Selenio.

Here are some of Selenio’s biggest competitors:

As Selenio has a wide range of products and services, it’s difficult to give a comprehensive comparison for each competitor listed. However, I can provide you with a general idea of what each competitor offers:

– Cisco Systems: a technology company that provides networking, cybersecurity, and collaboration products and services.
– Evertz Microsystems: a technology company that provides video and audio infrastructure software and hardware solutions for broadcasters and media companies.
– Harmonic Inc.: a technology company that provides video delivery infrastructure solutions for cable, satellite, and OTT video providers.
– Zixi: a technology company that provides software-defined video platform solutions for broadcasters and OTT video providers.
– Net Insight: a technology company that provides media transport solutions for broadcasters and media companies.
– Nevion: a technology company that provides video transport solutions for broadcasters and media companies.
– Grass Valley: a technology company that provides broadcast and media equipment and solutions for live production and content delivery.
– Elemental Technologies (an Amazon Web Services company): a technology company that provides software-defined video solutions for broadcasters and OTT video providers.
– Ericsson Inc.: a technology company that provides broadcast and media services and solutions for content owners, broadcasters, and service providers.
– NewTek Inc.: a technology company that provides video production and live streaming solutions for broadcasters and content creators.
– Ross Video: a technology company that provides broadcast and media equipment and solutions for live production and content delivery.
– Appear TV: a technology company that provides broadcast and streaming solutions for operators, broadcasters, and content providers.
– Blackmagic Design: a technology company that provides video production solutions for broadcasters, filmmakers, and content creators.
– ATEME SA: a technology company that provides video encoding and transcoding solutions for broadcasters and content owners.
– Haivision Systems: a technology company that provides video streaming solutions and services for broadcasters and enterprises.
– Telestream LLC: a technology company that provides video transcoding, workflow automation, and quality monitoring solutions for broadcasters and media companies.
– MediaKind: a technology company that provides broadcast and media solutions for content owners, broadcasters, and service providers.
– ChyronHego: a technology company that provides graphics solutions for sports, news, and live events.
– Lawo AG: a technology company that provides audio and video production solutions for broadcasters and media companies.

Please note that the above list is not exhaustive and there may be other competitors within the industry. The competitiveness of each of these companies varies depending on the specific product and service category.

Overall, each of these companies has its own unique strengths and areas of expertise in the media and broadcast industry. It will depend on the specific needs of the customer to determine which solution is the best fit.

#cloud, Agile, AI, Best Practices, Career, Content Delivery Networks, Digital Platforms, Mentoring, Moving Forward, Project & Production Management, Quality Control, Success, Technology

Sports Broadcasting 4K Stack

In the context of sports HD broadcasting, a 4K stack usually refers to the technical infrastructure required for live production and delivery of 4K Ultra High Definition (UHD) content. This typically includes specialized cameras, video switchers, routers, servers, storage systems, encoders, and decoders that are specifically designed to handle high-resolution video streams.

Building a 4K stack for sports HD broadcasting requires a combination of hardware and software solutions that are optimized for low-latency, high-bandwidth video processing and delivery. Here are some key considerations to keep in mind:

1. Choose the right equipment: Select cameras, switchers, encoders, and other equipment that are designed to handle 4K UHD content, and ensure that they are compatible with one another and your network infrastructure.

2. Use high-capacity storage: 4K UHD video requires a significant amount of storage capacity, so it’s important to use high-capacity storage systems that can handle the large amounts of data generated by live sports broadcasts.

3. Optimize your network: Make sure that your network infrastructure is capable of handling the bandwidth requirements of 4K UHD video streams, and that it is properly configured to minimize latency and ensure reliable data transmission.

4. Utilize specialized software: Use specialized video processing software that is optimized for 4K UHD video and can handle the unique demands of live sports broadcasts, such as fast-paced action, multiple camera angles, and dynamic lighting conditions.

There are several products available for specialized video processing software that is optimized for 4K UHD sports broadcasts. Some of the popular ones include:

• EVS XT4K – A specialized server system that provides live slow-motion replay, super slow-motion, and on-the-fly editing capabilities for 4K content.

• Grass Valley K-Frame V-series – A live production switcher that supports 4K UHD resolution and provides advanced features such as HDR support, up/down/cross-conversion, and color correction.

• Avid MediaCentral – A comprehensive media management and workflow platform that provides real-time collaboration, content distribution, and automated processing capabilities for 4K UHD video.

• Blackmagic Design ATEM 4 M/E Broadcast Studio 4K – A live production switcher that supports 4K UHD resolution and provides advanced features such as multi-camera switching, chroma keying, and 3D graphics.

• Sony HDC-5500 – A 4K UHD system camera that includes advanced features such as high-speed image capture, remote control capabilities, and image stabilization for capturing fast-paced sports action.

• Ross Video Carbonite Ultra – A live production switcher that supports 4K UHD resolution and provides advanced features such as customizable macros, multi-screen outputs, and virtual set creation.

• Panasonic’s Kairos video processing platform is designed to handle 4K UHD video, including fast-paced sports action. The system can support multiple video inputs, including baseband, IP, and NDI sources, and provides real-time switching and four layers of DVE with key and fill. 

Additionally, Kairos has an optional hardware accelerator that can be added to the system to handle up to 16 4K inputs and 8 4K outputs, providing the necessary processing power to handle the demands of live sports broadcasts.

Its flexible architecture and scalable design, Kairos offers a solution that can handle the unique requirements of live 4K UHD sports video production.

These products are designed to handle the complex requirements of live 4K UHD sports broadcasting and enable production teams to deliver high-quality, engaging coverage of sporting events.

By following these best practices, you can build a 4K stack for sports HD broadcasting that is capable of delivering high-resolution video and allowing viewers to experience the action in stunning detail.

Some Sports Networks / Broadcasters have built their 4K stack for sports broadcasting through a combination of hardware and software solutions. Here are some key components and technologies used by them to deliver 4K sports broadcasts:

1. Cameras:  Broadcasters use specialized 4K UHD cameras that are capable of capturing high-quality sports footage with stunning detail and clarity. These cameras are typically positioned around the arena or stadium to capture multiple angles of the action.

• Sony, Panasonic, Canon, and Red are all popular choices for 4K broadcast cameras.

2. Production equipment:  Broadcasters use specialized video production equipment that is designed to handle the high-resolution video streams generated by 4K UHD cameras. This includes video switchers, graphics systems, and other production equipment that is optimized for 4K UHD workflows.

• Brands like Grass Valley, Ross Video, and Blackmagic Design offer a range of specialized production equipment for 4K broadcasts.

3. Network infrastructure:  Broadcasters havr built a high-bandwidth network infrastructure that is capable of handling the large amounts of data generated by 4K UHD video streams. This includes high-speed fiber optic connections, IP video delivery, and other networking technologies.

• Companies like Arista Networks, Cisco, and Juniper Networks provide network infrastructure solutions that are optimized for high-bandwidth 4K streaming.

4. Storage and encoding:  Sport Broadcasters use specialized storage systems and video encoding software to capture, process, and deliver 4K UHD video streams in real-time. This includes high-capacity storage and encoding systems that can handle the large amounts of data generated by live sports broadcasts.

• Brands like EVS, Harmonic, and Telestream offer specialized storage and encoding systems that are designed to handle the large amounts of data generated by 4K broadcasts.

5. Display technology: Finally, Sports Broadcasters work with technology partners to ensure that their 4K UHD broadcasts can be viewed on a range of consumer devices, including 4K UHD televisions and streaming devices. They use technologies like High Dynamic Range (HDR) to ensure that the image quality and color accuracy of their broadcasts meet the highest standards.

• Brands like Sony, Samsung, LG, and Vizio are all popular brands for 4K UHD televisions, while streaming devices like Roku, Amazon Fire TV, and Apple TV are widely used for delivering 4K content to viewers.

By leveraging these components and technologies, Broadcasters have been able to build a 4K stack that is capable of delivering stellar sports broadcasts with breathtaking detail and clarity.

It’s important to note that these brands and models are only examples and many Sports Broadcasters may use different equipment depending on the specific needs of their broadcasts.

End note:  I am not currently an employee of, and I was not paid by any named company in this article for the information.

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