The layer protocol that follows the order from lowest to highest is:

1. Physical layer: This layer defines the physical interface between a device and a transmission medium, such as copper wires, fiber optic cables, or wireless signals. It deals with the physical transmission of data bits over the medium.

2. Data link layer: This layer provides error-free communication between two nodes in a network by handling the framing of data into frames, error detection and correction, flow control, and addressing. Examples of protocols operating in this layer are Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.

3. Network layer: This layer provides end-to-end connectivity between devices across multiple networks. It handles routing, forwarding, and logical addressing, and its protocols include IP, ICMP, and ARP.

4. Transport layer: This layer provides reliable end-to-end communication between processes on different hosts using services such as segmentation, flow control, congestion control, and error recovery. Examples of transport layer protocols are TCP and UDP.

5. Session layer: This layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between devices, which can involve multiple connections and may span different transport layer connections. Its protocols handle session establishment, synchronization, and management.

6. Presentation layer: This layer provides data presentation and formatting services to applications by translating data into a format that the application can understand. Examples of this layer’s functions include data compression, encryption, and character encoding.

7. Application layer: This layer provides services directly to the end-users, such as web browsing, email, file transfer, and video streaming. Protocols operating in this layer include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.

Examples of protocols and technologies for each layer are:

1. Physical layer: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, USB, HDMI, Bluetooth, NFC, DSL.

2. Data link layer: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Frame Relay, HDLC, PPP.

3. Network layer: IP, ICMP, ARP, OSPF, BGP, IPsec.

4. Transport layer: TCP, UDP, SCTP, TLS, SSH.

5. Session layer: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), NetBIOS, AppleTalk Transaction Protocol.

6. Presentation layer: Encryption (e.g., AES), compression (e.g., gzip), ASCII, Unicode.

7. Application layer: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, SSH, Telnet, SNMP, SIP, POP3, IMAP.

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Published by Nicole Gabriel

I’m a writer, engineer, and production/operations expert with over three decades in award-winning broadcast and streaming. After years in terrestrial satellite delivery, I dove headfirst into the streaming revolution—and never looked back. Today, I explore and explain how AI, tech, and infrastructure connect, evolve, and redefine what’s possible. My mission is to mentor and inspire by making complex systems simple, helping curious minds make sense of tech's past, present, and future. I believe in dreaming boldly and learning endlessly—because the frontier of what's possible is always shifting.

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